Cold air outbreaks over high-latitude sea gulfs

Abstract

Wintertime cold outbreaks were studied via a 2-D numerical model set across an 80 km wide non-frozen sea gulfalong 608N (‘Gulf of Finland’). In calm conditions, land breezes develop over both coasts with relatively large along-shore wind components. The mid-gulfconvergence of the colliding land breezes leads to a moderate rising motion at about 600 m height, forcing bands of low cloud and snowfall along the gulf, whereas the near-surface horizontal wind shear may induce ‘mini-hurricanes’. A weak large-scale cold outbreak across the gulfdistorts the land breeze cells, damping the rising motion, whereas a moderate cross-coast outbreak modifies them into a typical heat island circulation pattern with only a modest rising motion over a flat windward shore. A cold outbreak along the non-frozen gulf leads to strong heat transfer from the sea. This maintains the embedded coastal land breeze circulations that contribute to a double low-level jet structure. The strongest rising motion was obtained for surface winds blowing along the gulf. It is suggested that the Swedish Gävle snowstorm of December 1998 was such a case.

Keywords: land breeze; convergence; heat island circulation; snow storm; lake effect

(Published: 2 January 2012)

Citation: Tellus A 2012, 64, 12244, DOI: 10.3402/tellusa.v64i0.12244